A Theory of Humanity: Part 2—Conditions for True Universalism

The currently used humanity model is chaotic, devoid of logic or coherence. In Part 1 of this two-part paper, we examined human traits of a scientific model in absence of ‘born sinner’ starting point. We demonstrated that the so-called ‘viceroy model’ that is characterized as scientifically sustainable can replace the existing models that are based on fear and scarcity. Part Two of the paper deals with adequate definition of moral campus that conforms to the viceroy model. In this paper, it is shown that the talk of morality or a moral compass is aphenomenal in absence of strict necessary and sufficient conditions. It also follows that natural justice can only be followed after defining the term ‘natural’ with the same scientific rigor as that of the viceroy model. Once these terms are consistently defined, one is well poised to talk about inalienable rights, moral compass, environmental sustainability, and humanity. The immediate consequence of this model is the demonstration that currently used governance models, such as democracy, is inherently implosive and must be replaced with a new model that is in conformance with the scientific definition of ‘natural’. This emerging model is free from inconsistencies and will remain effective as a governance tool that optimizes individual rights and balances with the right of the state as well as a Creator. It is concluded that this model offers the only hope of maximizing individual liberty without compromising universal peace and natural justice. At this point, morality and legality become equivalent to each. The implications of this paper are overwhelming, making all current judicial actions immoral, in essence repudiating the entire Establishment as little more than a mafia entity, bringing back ‘might is right’ mantra, packaged as ‘social progress’. The paper finally shows how a standard that is necessarily and sufficiently universal can become impetus for a true knowledge

Nitrogen fixation by a Bangladesh deepwater rice-field calothrix

In order to study the influence on blue-green algal nitrogenase activity of environmental variables in deepwater rice-fields (DWR), a laboratory study was planned on a DWR isolate of Calothrix (D764). The variables chosen were light, oxygen, combined nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. As availability of P is likely to play an especially important role for growth and nitrogen fixation in DWR, studies on phosphatase activity of the isolate were also included. The method used for measuring nitrogenase activity was acetylene reduction assay (ARA). In order to convert nitrogenase activity to nitrogen fixation, the conversion ratio of N(_2) : C(_2)H(_2) reduced was determined by comparing the total amount of N fixed with total C(_2)H(_2) reduced. The ratio was 1 : 4.1 and 1 : 5.2 at 85 and 10 µmol photon m(^-2) s(^-1), respectively. Changes in nitrogenase activity in batch culture were studied in relation to growth characteristics. Maximum activity (10.5 nmol C(_2)H(_4) mg d. wt(^-1) min(^-1)) was observed after two days of growth. During this period, juvenile trichomes (hence maximum heterocyst frequency) were abundant and cyanophycin granules were absent; chl a, phycobiliprotein and algal N decreased. It is suggested that the juvenile filament is the most active nitrogen-fixer during the growth of the alga. The response of nitrogenase to changes in light flux (down- or upshift) was rapid. The alga showed a marked drop in nitrogenase activity in the dark, but subsequent changes were slow, with detectable activity after 24 h. Higher nitrogenase activity was observed when the dark grown alga was re-illuminated, than the maximum activity found under continuous illumination. Nitrogen fixation and heterocyst differentiation were suppressed when 10 mg 1(^-1) NH(_4)-N was added to a batch culture. Fe-deficient cultures had lower nitrogenase activity and N content than Fe-sufficient cultures. Fe- deficiency led to the development of a series of new heterocysts apical to the basal ones. Addition of Fe to Fe-deficient cultures led to a marked increase in nitrogenase activity and loss of the degenerated basal heterocysts. The alga was capable of using a number of organic P substrates as the sole source of phosphorus and showed both cell-bound phosphomono- and phosphodiesterase activities. In batch culture, phosphatase activity was detected when cellular P content dropped to 0.98%. A brief study on the influence of the environmental factors on cell-bound phosphatase activities of the alga has been included. A brief comparison in nitrogenase activity of a UK field Rivularia population and bacterised laboratory isolate Rivularia D403 was made and probable behaviour of algae in DWR is discussed

Investigation into teachers’ practice in relation to curriculum implementation in ELT in Bangladesh

The study investigates teachers’ practices in relation to curriculum implementation in secondary level education in Bangladesh. The research examines five English language teachers’ classroom activities and compares if their activities are implemented as recommended by the curriculum. It also focuses on the factors that influence the teachers to implement the curriculum. The researcher conducted qualitative research to collect data for this study. As a result, the researcher made classroom observations to see the activities of the teachers in the classroom and conducted interviews afterwards to understand what factors influence the teachers. The analysis of the study reveals that the teachers focus on part of the curriculum in their activities in the classroom. The interviews analysis reveals that the teachers’ activities are different from the recommended activities in the classroom. The result of the study showed that the teachers’ activities are not congruent with the principles of the curriculum as their activities are influenced by other contextual factors

Microcredit - A More Credible Social than Economic Program in Bangladesh

Calculated under the framework of economic-profit counting, the productivity of microcredit in Bangladesh is found very low. In this survey about 48% of the borrowers had to compromise their normal wages for self-employed labor to be able to pay the high interest for the credit. Similarly its social productivity is also found marginal. However, about 90% of the borrowers felt comfortable with microcredit even at so high interest rate seemingly to avoid losing or compromising their social and political empowerment at the hands of the local moneylenders or relatives. Borrowers give high value to their socio-political empowerments and are ready to compromise normal wages for their self-employed labor. In the game of political economy of credit for the poor, microcredit is seen as a means of protecting and enhancing socio-political empowerments of the low income and distressed people in the society and is appraised as a credible social than economic institution.Grameen Bank, microcredit, microenterprise, subsistent, poverty alleviation, stereotype, empowerment

Does Rainwater Harvesting Contribute to Fight Climate Change and Women Empowerment in Bangladesh?

Agriculture, domestic, and industry rely on water resources systems for fulfilling water demand while water resources systems face both climate-induced extreme events and management and governance problems. These constraints lead to a mismatch between demand and supply of water for those sectors. This study applies central tendency and variability to analyze data and mixed methods approach to interpret the result. Throughout 1999-2019, the growth rate of population, gross domestic product, and urban population is 1.354%, 6.084%, and 3.70% correspondingly, contributing to increased water demand. However, average groundwater depletion increased from 2.455km3 (1989-1990) to 4.9016km3 while average flood-affected areas enhanced by 8,644km2 in 2014-2018 compared to 1988-1993. Furthermore, salt-affected areas incremented by 2,22,810ha in 2009 contrasted to 1973, whereas the mean wind speed of cyclones increased by 30.02km in 2015-2020 compared to 1988-1995. The mean sea-level rise increased by 16.8cm and 169.2cm in 1995-2000 compared to 1979-1983 in Cox’s Bazar and Char Changa station, respectively. The current approach to address the mismatch may not be effective as a long-term solution due to climate change and geographical context so that this study urges policy makers to shift their focus on water sources for addressing the gap between water demand and supply in Bangladesh. This study will create attention of policymakers, water managers, water experts, and academics for further study in adaptation with climate extreme events which impact on water resources, damage social economic and enviornmnetal assets, and displaced people. It also urges finding and accommodating a sustainable approach to reducing the water demand-supply gap. This study is relevant for various government organizations dealing with water resources management, policymakers, and professionals in water resources management and governance. Sustainable water resources management is one of the significant factors in achieving sustainable development goals and alleviating poverty. Since sustainable development is a multidimensional concept, it is influenced by different factors like water access, poverty, socioeconomic development. Rainwater collection and use are ways to ensure sustainable water resources management and increase water access where formal water suppliers fail to address the water crisis. This research explores what key factors influence the economic benefit of rainwater harvesting using Ordinary Least Square regression on primary data collected from 1040 households at a subdistrict of southwestern Bangladesh. Six factors have been measured the price of water, age of rainwater harvesting, the total cost of rainwater harvesting, storage capacity, number of children, and income. It is the first kind of empirical research that connects rainwater harvesting, economic advantage, and econometric analysis. The empirical result shows that income (1.253***), storage capacity (49.425***), price of water (80669.9***), age of rainwater harvesting (8740.16***), and total cost (1.649***) have positive correlation with economic benefit while the number of children (-3501.90***) has a negative. It concluded that economic benefit from rainwater harvesting could be improved by including in water management policy or different policies for rainwater harvesting, particularly for the rain-intensive country. Moreover, it can be a tool to alleviate poverty and achieve sustainable development goals through increasing water access. However, context specificity and multidimensionality is the limitation of this study. Water security has been long connected with facilitating women empowerment that is more crucial in developing countries. The rising water demand may hamper water security, leading to a constraint empowerment process. Women empowerment is rising in Bangladesh, but the connection between water security through rainwater harvesting and women empowerment is the first study in this circumstance. It may provide an alley to determine the connection between water security ensured by rainwater harvesting and empowerment. This quantitative study explored the survey data of 1051 households to measure the possibility of economic, social, and political empowerment through water security. The result shows that economic, social, and political empowerment has a positive and statistically significant relation with water security, but context specificity indicates that interpretation of the findings is not uncomplicated. Moreover, male household head, income, number of family members, and operating rainwater harvesting negatively influence water security level while the cost to build up rainwater harvesting infrastructure, storage capacity, and land ownership positively influences water security. Based on the results, policies and programs that stimulate women's empowerment need more understanding and strategies concerning water security and empowerment for gender equality and achieve sustainable development goals five and six

Field Implementation Of Polyacrylamide For Runoff From Construction Sites

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is often used a part of a treatment train for the treatment of stormwater to reduce its turbidity. This study investigated the application of PAM within various treatment systems for a construction site environment. The general concept is to introduce hydraulic principles when placing PAM blocks within an open channel in order to yield high mixing energies leading to high turbidity removal efficiency. The first part of the study observed energy variation using a hydraulic flume for three dissimilar configurations. The flume was ultimately used to determine which configuration would be most beneficial when transposed into field-scale conditions. Three different configurations were tested in the flume, namely, the Jump configuration, Dispersion configuration and the Staggered configuration. The field-scale testing served as both justification of the findings within the controlled hydraulic flume and comprehension of the elements introduced within the field when attempting to reduce the turbidity of stormwater. As a result, the Dispersion configuration proved to be the most effective when removing turbidity and displayed a greater energy used for mixing within the open channel. Consequently, an analysis aid is developed based on calculations from the results of this study to better serve the sediment control industry when implementing PAM blocks within a treatment system. Recommendations are made for modification and future applications of the research conducted. This innovative approach has great potential for expansion and future applications. Continued research on this topic can expand on key elements such as solubility of the PAM, toxicity of the configuration within the field, and additional configurations that may yield more advantageous energy throughout the open channel

Impact of climate-induced extreme events and demand–supply gap on water resources in Bangladesh

Agriculture, domestic, and industry rely on water resources systems for fulfilling water demand, while water resources systems face both climate-induced extreme events and management and governance problems. These constraints lead to a mismatch between demand and supply of water for those sectors. This study applies central tendency and variability to analyze data and mixed methods approach to interpret the result. From 1999 to 2019, the growth rates of population, gross domestic product, and urban population are -1.354, 6.084, and 3.70%, respectively, contributing to increased water demand. However, the average groundwater depletion increased from 2.455 km(3) (1989-1990) to 4.9016 km(3), while the average flood-affected areas enhanced by 8,644 km(2) in 2014-2018 compared to 1987-1991. Furthermore, salt-affected areas incremented by 222,810 ha in 2009 contrasted to 1973, whereas the mean wind speed of cyclones increased by 30.02 km in 2015-2020 compared to 1988-1995. The mean sea-level rise increased by 16.8 and 169.2 cm in 1995-2000 compared to 1979-1983 in Cox's Bazar and the Char Changa station, respectively. The Mann-Kendall test was applied to detect the trend. This study urges policymakers, water experts, and academics to promote rainwater harvesting that is sustainable to govern rainwater and mitigate water and economic poverty

Finite element analysis of fillet welded joint

T-joint fillet welding is the most common welding in engineering applications. Transport vehicles, marine ships, mobile plant equipment are few examples where fillet welding are used extensively. Analysis of welded structures are still remains a challenge for the designer to produce desired output results. In welding process rapid heating and cooling introduced residual stress and geometrical deformations. Heat effected zone play pivotal role in determining the strength of a welded joint which changes the properties of parent material and reduce the strength after welding operation. There are many case which structures are continuously under cyclic loading when the fatigue life of the welded joints are a major design consideration. The aim of this project is to analyse the normal stress and fatigue life of fillet welded joints using computer modelling and experiments. Finite element based tool ANSYS Workbench 15.0 was been used to analyse the normal stress and the fatigue life under cyclic loading. Computer model of the joint developed using three different types of material which was parent metal, heat affected zone metal and weld metal. Experimental tests were carried out at USQ laboratory on double side welded T-joints. Grade 250 Structural steel was used to prepare specimen and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process applied to welding the joints. The ultimate purpose of the project has been achieved with developing techniques of the finite element analysis of fillet welded joint. The experimental investigation validate the performance of the FEA analysis results were found 1.2% error on tensile test. The experiment yield stress was found 263.4 MPa and simulation yield stress at the same location appears 266.7 MPa. In order to calculate fatigue life of welded joint used iterative process to define stress at one million cycle. The analysis found 274 MPa stress and 7740 cycle fatigue life applying yield load. After reduced load at 12kN and found the fatigue life one million cycle where shows 88 MPa stress which is 35% of yield stress. So that designer can consider 35% of yield strength when design structure for fluctuating and repeated loading conditions